Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2023-11-01
Abstract： In a typical SL task, participants are first exposed to a nonsensical artificial language for 5~10 mins and then asked to finish a 2 alternative forced choice task (2AFC). Transitional probabilities (TPs), the core concept in SL, represent the predictably between syllables. In a given artificial language, syllables within a target word occur together more frequently, resulting in higher TPs than those of the syllables that span across word boundaries. The latter is referred to as partwords and consist of lower TPs. After the exposure phase, participants enter the test phase and are presented with a partword and target word in each trial of the 2AFC task. If the accuracy across participants is higher than chance level, it is assumed that learning has occurred. However, studies have also shown that factors other than TPs, such as word token frequency, word length variations (or the lack thereof) also impact SL performance in such tasks. To date, these factors as well as their interactive effects remain under studied.
In the experiment one, we aimed to investigate whether TPs affect SL learning performance when controlling for target words’ and partwords’ token frequencies. In doing so, we created the artificial language by randomizing the order of two trisyllabic words and two disyllabic words. During the 2AFC task, three types of items (target word, partword, and nonword) were paired together, with two items in equal length in each trial. There were 24 trials in the test. 40 native Mandarin monolinguals participated in the experiment; they first listened to the artificial language for 5mins and then finished the 2AFC task. In the experiment two, an artificial language was generated with 10 syllables and presented in exposure phase, to examine whether experiment one’s learning effect came from the TP or participants’ prior language bias.
Results in experiment one showed that the accuracy of all trials was significantly higher than chance (0.5) at the group level, suggesting that participants were able to segment the artificial language of mixed word lengths. Participants were also marginally better at choosing target words over partwords, and partwords over nonwords. To investigate the independent effect of TP in SL, we subset the data by word length and found that participants’ accuracy choosing trisyllabic target words over partwords was marginally lower than their choosing disyllabic target words over partword, which suggests that disyllabic words confer advantage in SL for this group of participants. In addition, participants’ accuracy in choosing trisyllabic partwords over nonwords was significantly higher than that of disyllabic target partwords over nonwords. In the experiment two, there were no significant learning effect in any levels when the statistical information was absent.
A series of results across two behavior experiments highlight the unique contribution from TPs alone, since accuracy was assessed by controlling for word token frequency and word length. Thus, the present study suggests that TP exerts effect on verbal SL performance independent of word token frequency. Further studies should take into account more types of statistical rule such as mutual information and backward TP.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2023-07-13
Abstract： Late summer is an important term in Chinese medicine. Among the ancient medical scholars, only Gao Shizong was found to have clearly explained the pronunciation of the word "late" in late summer. In order to clarify the pronunciation of the character "Chang" of Changxia, we searched the ancient classical Chinese medical texts, sorted through the existing literature and analyzed the views of existing scholars, and on this basis, we proposed a new opinion that when the character "late" is pronounced zhǎng, it means that the elders are honored; when it is pronounced cháng, it means that the elders are honored. When pronounced cháng, it expresses the good wish of life and vitality for a long time and the long duration of time, and it also indicates the longest state of the yellow bell. The clarification of the pronunciation of late summer can help to further understand Changxia and help to further interpret and study Chinese medicine.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2024-01-05
Abstract： Generally, a word’s meaning consists of at least two components. The first is denotative meaning, representing the definitional meaning found in dictionaries and serving as the word’s fundamental meaning. The second component involves semantics that a word “absorbs” from its linguistic context, not constrained by definitions; this is known as semantic prosody, described as “a consistent aura of meaning with which a form is imbued by its collocates” (Louw, 1993, p. 157). While theories and empirical studies have shed light on mechanisms supporting the acquisition of the first word meaning component, the acquisition of the connotative meaning engendered by semantic prosody has been overlooked. It remains unclear whether readers can unconsciously acquire the semantic prosody (or emotional connotations) of a novel word after encountering it consistently in a context with a strong emotional polarity.
Against this backdrop, we conducted a word learning experiment, manipulating context emotionality (negative vs. neutral vs. positive) and context variability (same-repeated vs. varied contexts) as crucial contextual variables. This aimed to address two understudied questions in vocabulary acquisition: (1) Does transfer of affect to a word from its linguistic context take place through reading exposures, facilitating the acquisition of semantic prosody for the word? If so, is such transfer influenced by context variability? (2) Does the acquired semantic prosody for words affect the acquisition of word forms and meanings, and is this acquisition modulated by context variability? This experiment involved two sessions: a reading-and-learning phase and a testing phase. During the reading-and-learning session, participants read emotionally charged passages, simultaneously learning embedded target words. The testing session included an immediate posttest, incorporating four vocabulary tests—valence rating, orthographic choice, definition matching, and definition generation. A total of 196 Chinese speakers participated in the experiment.
Mixed-effects models were utilized to analyze data from the valence rating task and the other three vocabulary knowledge tests. The findings revealed that, within the same-repeated context, manipulating context emotionality (positive vs. neutral vs. negative) significantly influenced valence ratings, showing significantly higher ratings in the positive condition compared to neutral and negative conditions. Conversely, in the varied context, no significant differences in valence ratings were observed. This result supports the hypothesis of the “Double-Jujube Tree” effect, emphasizing the effect of repetitive texts compared to multiple texts. However, in the varied context, valence ratings played a role in influencing participants’ performances in the vocabulary tests, leading to better outcomes as valence ratings increased. In the same-repeated context, valence ratings had minimal effect on accuracy in the orthographic choice test and the definition prompting test.
We posit that the effective mechanism for learning the semantic-prosody-engendered connotations of words involves the transfer of affect from their collocations. However, this transfer seems to be contingent on context variability, occurring only in the same-repeated context and not in the varied context. Furthermore, we illustrate that the emotionality of context influences the quality of both orthographic and semantic word learning, with words being better learned in positive contexts as opposed to negative or neutral ones.
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文方言调查的方言点为湖北宜昌西陵区，位于长江的西陵峡口。宜昌西陵区方言为宜昌土语，属于北方方言。以往前人对湖北宜昌西陵区的方言调查并不多，仅有对宜昌方言进行总体性概括，还有一些是对宜昌周围城市（当阳市，宜都市等）等地的方言的描写。因此本文采用实验语音学的研究手段，对宜昌西陵区方言声调进行具体的描写和分析，向学界展现出湖北宜昌西陵区的方言声调特点。本文总共分为四章节。第一节为绪论，概述了本文研究目的和意义，将前人对宜昌方言的研究成果进行综述，并介绍方言点的语音特点。第二节，详细说明实验方法和过程，列出发音人的，实验和分析方法，具体主体为研究宜昌西陵区方言单字调的声调。首先使用爱国者电子科技有限公司的R6611录音笔获取宜昌西陵区方言单字发音样本。然后运用Praat软件提取样本基频，再用半音法对基频值进行归一处理，最后分析列出湖北宜昌西陵区单字的声调：男生单字调中：阴平调值为35，阳平调值为21，上声调值为21，去声调值为214，入声调值为31；女生单字调中：阴平调值为45，阳平调值为31，上声调值为31，去声调值为214，入声为32。最终单音节调值为：阴平调值为35；阳平调值为21；上声调值为31；去声调值为214；入声调值为31。第三节，主体为研究宜昌西陵区方言双字调的声调。首先使用爱国者电子科技有限公司的R6611录音笔获取宜昌西陵区方言双字发音样本。然后运用Praat软件提取样本基频，再用半音法对基频值进行归一处理，根据实验结果分析得出在声调方面双字调组合变调共有20种。最后分析列出湖北宜昌西陵区双字的声调：阴平+X（以下X均依次为阴平、阳平、上声、去声、入声）的调值分别为34+44、35+31、35+32、35+212、35+32；阳平+X的调值分别为22+35、21+21、21+21、21+213、31+21；上声+X的调值分别为32+33、32+21、22+21、22+213、22+21；去声+X的调值分别为21+24、214+31、213+22、213+213、213+32，入声+X的调值分别为21+34、22+31、31+22、21+213、22+21。最后，全文总结。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Software Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2024-04-21
Abstract： This slide presentation describes the research on Guiding Large Language Models to Generate Computer-Parsable Content in terms of Background, Motivation, Method, Effect, Prospect and Acknowledgements. For the full paper, please refer to: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.05499
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：莆仙话隶属闽方言，地处闽东方言和闽南方言之间，有一定过渡地区的特征。莆仙话阴上、阳上两调归入上声，因此共有七个单字调。本文通过实验语音学方法，借助Praat软件重新测量了莆田涵江地区的莆仙话单字调，并在此基础上进行了双音节变调的分析，总结出变调规则。莆仙话的双字组变调只发生在前一音节，后一音节有可能发生变声，即声母变化（类化）。二字连读有三种情况，即保持原调、变为他调、产生高平调。保持原调的有“阴去+阳去”、“阴去+阴入”、“阳去+上声”三种，变调中产生了两个高平调44和55。阴入字与阳入字的二字组中，调值正好互换，前字阴入调变为阳入调，前字阳入调变为阴入调，变调后入声调仍为入声，喉塞尾仍然保留。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：潮阳（金灶）方言属闽南方言潮汕片，本文用实验语音学方法，提取金灶方言单字和两字组的基频和时长参数，在数据统计基础上，描写和分析金灶方言的单字调值和双字调模式，并对两字组变调规则作了初步的归纳和解释。数据分析表明，金灶方言有8个单字调类，56个双字调调位，连读变调以前字变调模式为主，阴上调在特定条件下发生后字变调。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文利用实验语音学方法对湖北恩施市城区方言的单字调和双音节词声调进行了声学分析，根据研究得出恩施方言的单音节调有四个，阴平、阳平、上声、去声，调值分别为35、32、552、314。在探究双音节词声调变化时，得出恩施方言的变调规律：恩施方言阴平阳平处于前字时不变调，处于后字，变调有多种模式：阴平在后字可能变为55高平调， 32低降调和 24低升调；阳平处于后字变为高降（52）和中降（42、31）。上声处于前字变为了单纯的高调（45或55）。处于后字变为高降中调或中降调（53、43、32）。去声在前字时，可能不变调或变为降调31；去声在后字变为低降31（21）。同时研究中发现在双音节词中重音不同，对声调变调也有影响，具体体现在，当阳平为前字时，若重音在后，基本不变调，重音在前则变调。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2024-01-26
Abstract： Rhetoric in language, like air, is ubiquitous. It is not only presented in the form of narrow rhetoric (rhetorical devices), but from a broad rhetorical perspective, rhetoric is also implicit in all sentences, inherently encompassing the domain of narrow rhetoric. This article starts with rhetorical devices, explains the source language and target language in a broad sense of rhetoric, explores the connection between the two, analyzes the process of sentence translation from a broad rhetorical perspective, and proposes dynamic principles for measuring the quality of sentence translation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：海门方言属于吴方言，共30个声母、46个韵母和8个单字调。通过对四位发音人的发音样本的声学分析，得出八个单音节声调调值分别为阴平15、阳平51、阴上534、阳上241、阴去34、阳去231、阴入4、阳入213，男女发音人调值差别不大。海门方言双音节声调模式共18个，以首字定调为主，根据后字是否平上去字分为两类。后一音节为上去声时，调位中和主要发生在后一音节上。前一音节如为非曲折调，则发生“X+上/去声→X+21”的变调。前一音节如为曲折调，则体现为“声调包络”现象。后一音节为平入声时，调位中和在前后两个音节上都存在。此时，前一音节阴调一律变高降调，阳调一律变低降调。后一音节阴平、阳平并调。阴入、阳入并调。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：石门话分属西南官话，单字调有四个声调，分别为阴平、阳平、上声、去声，双字调共有16种组合模式。本文在前人田野调查的基础上，运用声学实验的方法，对石门话单字调的五度值重新进行标记，将阳平调整为213。石门话每类组合模式下双字调变调规律分为动宾组和其他组，其中其他组的变调规律则较为明晰，后字不论原调为何，均变为降调或微降的平调；前字分两种情况，当前字为阴平、阳平、上声时，调型不变，调值有所变化，当前字为去声时，前字变为升调或微升的平调。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：山东省临沂市沂水县历史悠久，是一座千年古县。其地理位置优越，位于沂蒙山腹地，沂河、沭河上游。二三十万年前，人类祖先在此繁衍生息，创造了古老而灿烂的农业文明，并在山川河流的孕育下培养了当地独特的语言文化，形成了独特的沂水方言。本文基于录音语料，提取声音基频参数并进行归一化和半音值化处理，以此分析沂水方言的单字调和双字调声调模式，对于沂水方言的四声声调体系做了详细的描写和总结。结果表明，该方言有四个独立单字调：三个降调和一个平调，阴平、阳平、上声、去声调值分别为31、54、33、42；降调为该方言一大特点，并体现在连读变调中的归并情况中。双字调共有16种组合模式，连读变调后发生归并后共10种。其中，变调主要发生在前字：阴平在阴平前由降调31变为升调35，在上声前由低降调31变为高降调54，在去声前由降调31变为平调33；上声在阳平前由平调33变为降调31。本文采取声学分析的方法研究和描绘了沂水县城方言的声调系统，试图补充胶辽官话乃至山东方言的声调研究体系。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：天津津南方言属于属于北方官话中的冀鲁官话，共有阴平、阳平、上声、去声四个声调。本文通过语音实验的方式，运用Praat提取并分析发音人的语料基频，总结津南方言单音节的调值以及双字调连续变调模式。结果表明，津南方言单字调的阴平调值为54，阳平调值为55，上声调值为24，去声调值为31。双音节的16种组合中共有10种组合模式，即55+54，55+55，54+24，54+31，35+54，34+55，34+24，35+31，31+55，31+24。作为前字的阴平和去声比较不稳定，在双音节字组中易产生明显的变调，这是为使发音省力而简化形成的结果。在双音节调位中，平声作为前字不分阴阳是津南方言的突出特征。与前人学者的调查结果相比，本次实验的结果在大体上与之一致，在具体调值上略有不同，这可能是多种因素导致的，需要更进一步研究。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：蛮话为浙江省苍南县境内部分地区流通的方言之一，也称为“苍南蛮话”。苍南地处浙、闽交界，而蛮话的语言面貌亦兼具吴、闽语特点。蛮话内部差异明显，不同村镇的蛮话在声、韵、调等诸多方面皆有差别。鉴于这种情况，本文只选择在苍南县炎亭镇中分布的蛮话为研究对象，通过实验语音学的方法，总结其单字调及双字调的调值与调位。分析得出，苍南（炎亭）蛮话共有7个声调，无阳上调，调名与调值分别为：阴平44、阳平213、阴上25、阴去51、阳去21、阴入24、阳入21。其中阴入、阳入为促声调，其余为舒声调。双音节声调则有22个调位，主要表现为前字变调，而后字变调的情况较少或较不显著。其中后字为上声、阳去调时不变调，而后字为阴入或阳入调时读如舒声。就双音词整体而言，除少数特殊情况外，前字阴平、前字阳去以及前字阳入连读变调情况基本一致；前字上声与前字阴去连读变调情况一致；后字阳去与后字阳入连读变调情况一致；后字上声与后字阴入连读变调情况一致；后字阴去与后字阳去、阳入相比只有后字存在差异，而前字变调情况完全一致。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文选取西双版纳西南官话的声调系统作为研究对象，对该方言中的单字调与双字调进行综合调查，重点分析双字调中的变调现象是否可以作为该声调系统中的基准调。共调查四位发言人，两男两女，年龄均为20-21岁，来自西双版纳傣族自治州景洪市勐罕镇，以景洪汉语方言为母语。主要结论如下：在版纳方言中一共有七种调型，用五度标音法来表示，单字调中的阴平、阳平、上声、去声分别为44、53、454、41，此外，还包括双字调变调中出现的43、45、54。其中43包括双字调中前字中的去声；45包括双字调前字中的上声；54包括双字调中除去和降调前字搭配以外的阳平。其他双字调变调包括：阳平后字和降调前字搭配变为41，与去声合并为一类。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文分析了黔江话单字调及双字调的基频模式。黔江话有阴平、阳平、上声和去声四个单字调，阴平为上升调，按五度标调法记为45；阳平和上声为两个降调，分别为21和31；去声是一个降升曲折调，记为214。此外，黔江话双字组声调有16种组合形式，前字为阴平调时，只在阴平后字前变调，整体音高变低为34，在其他三调后字前不变调；后字为阴平调时，均发生变调，在阴平前字后变为44，阳平前字后变为23，上声前字后变为33，去声前字后变为34。阳平调作前字时，后字为阴平则不变调，后字为阳平、上声和去声都变为22的平调；阳平调作后字，在阳平和上声前字后不变调，在阴平和去声前字后变调为41。前字为上声字，上声前字都变调为33；上声调作后字时，在阴平和去声前字后变调为42，在阳平前字后变调为21，在上声前字后不变调。当前字为去声调时，后字为阴平则不变调，后字为上声和去声变调为213，后字为阴平变为31；当后字为去声时，在阴平和去声前字后变为212，在上声前字后变为312。变调多是由于前后音节的同化机制造成的，同时也有音节清晰和发音省力等其他机制作用。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：对莞城话中的单音节、双音节声调进行声学分析，测量单音节调值、调型，以及双音节变调情况。实验通过提取基频和半音法归一化处理进行，研究结果与1993年《东莞方言说略》和2010年《东莞粤语语音研究》相比较，揭示变化过程。实验发现，莞城话单字变入调逐渐并入阳上调，而阴平调有分化为两类的趋势：高平调55和降升调323，目前处于混用状态。根据归一化处理将莞城话分为7个单字调。对于双字调，莞城话变调只有高平变调、高升变调两种结果，对比文献发现近年高平变调数目不断增加，高升变调有所减少，这可能与阴平调分化有关。变调较为自由，受到除语音条件外许多可能因素的影响，而且正处于快速的语音变化过程中，变化不平衡、个体差异明显。另外，对于粤语这种“非连读性变调”能否被称为“变调”，学术界仍有争议。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文通过声学实验提取基频参数，研究了浙江慈溪中部方言的单字调和双字调的声调模式。实验结果表明，慈溪方言有5个单字调，可用五度标调法分别将阴平上、阳平上去、阴去、阴入、阳入的调值定为324、14、43、54、13。但从声学上来看，阴平和阴上有细微的区别。慈溪方言有复杂的连读变调模式，同时部分语法结构会产生不同的变调模式。广用式连读变调，其连读变调模式基本由前字的古调类决定：在后字是舒声的情况下，前字清平、清上、清去之间，浊平、浊上、浊去之间，均可形成不同连调调形。但根据前后字的古调类总结出的规律不是绝对的，有小部分词组不符合归纳出的规律，如部分前字为浊上的双字组混同于前字为浊去的变调形式。经实验、统计，双字调连读变调模式共19种。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：本文用声学分析的方法对马来西亚吉隆坡粤语方言的声调系统进行了考察。马来西亚吉隆坡粤语中的阳上调正处于消亡的状态——归入阴去调，或读为本调时偏离为高升调，与阴上调值相同，调值为35/34；阳去调与阳平调合并，调值为31；阴平调以55的高平调为主流，53的高降调并未完全消失。吉隆坡粤语声调系统与广州话和香港话相比而言已简化了许多，只有七个声调。这说明，吉隆坡粤语经过上百年与当地其他语言的接触，受到当地客家、福建话、华语等语言的影响，发生变化并逐渐凝固成一个新的声调系统。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-11-10
Abstract：兰溪方言属于吴语婺州片。本文基于原始录音语料，以基频为主要声学参数，研究了兰溪市香溪镇方言的单字调和双音节连读变调。结果表明，兰溪方言有七个单字调，用五度值可表示为：阴平434，阳平31，上声433，阴去45，阳去25，阴入434，阳入323。双音节中连读变调现象复杂，前字、后字均有变调，且发生了一定程度的中和。初步归纳共有50种双音节调位模式，其中一般两字组连读变调32种，另有与之不同的述宾结构两字组变调18种。双音节连读变调中，一般两字组连调式的规律性较强，述宾结构连调则与单字调更为接近。变调多在平声和去声字中发生。前字除简化变调外，阴去和阳去之间有较大程度的合流，合流的结果产生高平调。后字中阴平、阴去之间，阳平、阳去之间合流显著，在前字为阴调的条件下还会发生阳调类读如阴调类的情况，导致阴、阳调类之间的进一步中和。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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